Region 
 

Islamabad

Why Democracy?

Expecting Pakistan to function solely as a conventional sovereign state without external influences is a naive perspective

By Dr. Farah Naz | February 2026


PPakistan’s governance is characterized by a hybrid model, shaped significantly by the repeated shortcomings of its democratic framework. While the nation professes a commitment to democracy, this often clashes with the priorities of those in power. This situation prompts an important question: why strive for democracy when the decision-making bodies appear to be disconnected from the principles that define true democracy? To explore this issue, it is crucial to first understand what democracy genuinely entails.

The basic definition of democracy, as defined by the 16th U.S. president Abraham Lincoln in the historical Gettysburg Address, is government by the people, for the people, and of the people. However, this may not accurately reflect the situation in Islamabad. There exists a significant polarization between the public and those in power, as many citizens express dissatisfaction with their leadership and desire to exercise their democratic rights, which often remain unguaranteed. This raises questions about whether Pakistan is unique in having a hybrid regime and what factors contribute to this system within its context. Understanding these dynamics is essential for assessing the state of democracy in the country.

Hybrid regimes mix democratic and authoritarian traits, typically conducting elections under unfair conditions. Nations such as Russia, Turkey, Venezuela, Egypt, Nigeria, Hungary, Tanzania, Mexico, Pakistan, and Indonesia exemplify this trend, presenting a spectrum of cases from post-Soviet states to developing nations. These regimes often uphold the facade of democracy through elections and parliamentary systems while consolidating power, limiting freedoms, and exploiting state resources for the ruling party’s benefit. This pattern suggests that Pakistan is not an isolated case but part of a broader phenomenon of hybrid governance seen globally.

Now, we must ask: why does such a hybrid regime exist in Pakistan?


In examining the existence of the political regime in Pakistan, it’s essential to consider the country’s unique geographical and geopolitical context. Pakistan is situated in a region that is undeniably significant on the global stage, bordering two major powers: China and Iran. Each of these countries presents its own set of challenges and concerns for the Global North. China, as an emerging economic force and a superpower competitor, commands attention due to its expansive influence and strategic initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative. This development not only includes economic partnerships but also presents concerns related to military and technological competition. The rise of China inevitably shifts the power dynamics in the region and places Pakistan in a crucial position as a potential ally or adversary in the eyes of Western nations.

On the other hand, Iran represents a direct security threat, particularly to Israel and other countries within the vicinity. Its assertive military posture and support for various non-state actors add layers of complexity to regional security. For Pakistan, the shared border with Iran signifies not only a geographical boundary but also ties into broader geopolitical strategies that affect security and diplomatic relations.

Hybrid regimes mix democratic and authoritarian traits, typically conducting elections under unfair conditions, and nations such as Russia, Turkey, Venezuela, Egypt, Nigeria, Hungary, Tanzania, Mexico, Pakistan, and Indonesia exemplify this trend

To the west, Pakistan shares a porous border with Afghanistan, a region that has been historically tumultuous and fraught with terrorism. The instability stemming from Afghanistan spills over into Pakistan, contributing to security challenges that affect the entire region. The presence of militant groups and the impact of ongoing conflicts necessitate a strong security apparatus within Pakistan to manage both internal and external threats. To the east, India looms as a historic rival, with tensions persisting due to long-standing disputes, particularly regarding Kashmir. India’s involvement in regional security matters, coupled with allegations of fostering separatism and terrorism within Pakistan, creates a complex and often hostile diplomatic environment. The ongoing rivalry not only exacerbates military tensions but also influences public perception and national security policies within Pakistan.

This precarious geographical position endows Pakistan with significant strategic importance; however, it also places immense pressure on its governance and political leadership. The demand from external powers to align with their interests complicates the internal dynamics of Pakistan’s political landscape. As a result, the ability to maintain free and fair elections becomes an arduous task. The realities of international politics and security needs often challenge the aspirations of sovereign governance.

When comparing Pakistan’s situation to that of other countries, it is clear that expecting Pakistan to function solely as a conventional sovereign state without external influences is a naive perspective. The impact of historical, geopolitical, and economic factors cannot be underestimated in understanding the political landscape of Pakistan. The complexities of leadership, governance, and the journey towards stability and sovereignty require careful consideration.

Pakistan is navigating an intricate web of challenges that shape its political reality. In this context, establishing a democratic state characterized by equal rights, opportunities, freedom of speech, and free and fair elections becomes nearly impossible, leaving the nation at a crossroads where genuine democracy seems perpetually out of reach.

Thus, any analysis of Pakistan must consider this intricate web of challenges, recognizing that the country is in a continuous struggle for stability and empowerment.

Read More